ABSTRACT
Objetivo. Conocer las diferencias en los estilos educativos parentales percibidos por deportistas consumidores de tabaco y cánnabis. Método. La muestra fue de 502 deportistas españoles con una edad media de 27.76 (DE = 9.11). Para analizar los estilos educativos parentales se aplicó el Test Autoevaluativo Multifactorial de Adaptación Infantil (TAMAI); y para excluir del estudio a los participantes aquiescentes se utilizó la Escala de Oviedo de Infrecuencia de Respuesta (INF-OV). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal. La selección de la muestra se llevó a cabo en línea a través de Google Forms. Resultados. Los deportistas que no consumen tabaco (t = -2.53, p < 0.05) ni cánnabis (t = -3.26, p < 0.01) obtuvieron mayor proteccionismo del padre en la prueba t de student. Los deportistas consumidores de cánnabis, en cambio, obtuvieron mayor restricción del padre (t = 2.40, p < 0.05) en la prueba t de student. En la regresión logística binaria, se identificó una relación entre el no consumo de tabaco diario (OR = 0.39, p < 0.01) y el no consumo de cánnabis (OR = 0.74, p < 0.01) con el proteccionismo paterno. Conclusión. El proteccionismo paterno puede ser un factor protector en el consumo de tabaco y cánnabis en deportistas, mientras que la restricción paterna puede ser un factor que facilite el consumo de cánnabis.
Objective. To know the differences in perceived parental education styles according to athletes who are consumers of tobacco and cannabis. Method. The sample consisted of 502 athletes from Spain with an age range of 27.76 (DT = 9.11). In order to measure the parental education styles, the "Multifactor Self-Assessment Test of Child Adjustment" (TAMAI) was administered; to measure the acquiescence, the Oviedo Scale of Infrequency of Response (INF-OV)was administered. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study and it was conducted online through Google Forms. Results. Athletes who do not consume tobacco (t = -2.53, p < 0.05) and cannabis (t = -3.26, p < 0.01) had greater levels of father protectionism in independent samples t test. Moreover, athletes who were cannabis consumers scored greater levels of father restriction (t = 2.40, p < 0.05) in independent samples t test. On the other hand, more father protectionism demonstrated a relationship with not consuming tobacco (OR = 0.39, p < 0.01) or cannabis (OR = 0.74, p < 0.00). Conclusion. The father protectionism could be a protective factor with regard to consumption of tobacco and cannabis in athletes. Furthermore, father restriction could be a negative factor that may increase cannabis consumption in athletes.
Escopo. Conhecer as diferencias nos estilos educativos parentais percebidos por desportistas consumidores de tabaco e cannabis. Metodologia. A amostra foi de 502 esportistas espanhóis com uma idade media de 27.76 (DE = 9.11). Para analisar os estilos educativos parentais foi aplicado o Test Auto-avaliativo Multifatorial de Adaptação Infantil (TAMAI); e para excluir do estudo aos participantes aquiescentes foi utilizada a escada de Oviedo de Infrequência de Resposta (INF-OV). Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, transversal e a seleção da amostra foi feita em linha a través de Google Forms. Resultados. Os esportistas que não consumem tabaco (t = -2.53, p < 0.05) nem cannabis (t = -3.26, p < 0.01), obtiveram maior protecionismo do pai na prova t de student . Os esportistas consumidores de cannabis, em troca, obtiveram maior restrição do pai (t = 2.40, p < 0.05) na prova t de student. Na regressão logística binária, foi identificada uma relação entre o não consumo de tabaco diário (OR = 0.39, p < 0.01) e o não consumo de cannabis (OR = 0.74, p < 0.01) com o protecionismo paterno. Conclusão. O protecionismo paterno pode ser um fator protetor no consumo de tabaco e cannabis em esportistas, enquanto que a restrição paterna pode ser um fator que facilite o consumo de cannabis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Education , Tobacco Smoking , Parents , Sports , AthletesABSTRACT
Los programas de prevención del rechazo social en la infancia son todavía muy escasos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de un programa de intervención cognitivo-conductual breve basado en el desarrollo de competencias socio-emocionales, diseñado para prevenir el rechazo social infantil y patologías asociadas. Para ello se siguió un diseño cuasiexperimental pretest-postest con grupo control no equivalente. La muestra se compuso de 94 estudiantes de 8 a 12 años. El tratamiento consistió en un programa multicomponente cognitivo-conductual aplicado en grupo, con una frecuencia semanal y un total de 6 sesiones de 60 minutos cada una. Los resultados apoyaron la eficacia del programa de desarrollo de competencias infantil, obteniendo efectos positivos en las medidas de ansiedad, depresión, inteligencia emocional y estatus social del sociograma. Estos datos muestran la eficacia y necesidad de prevenir la aparición del rechazo social y patologías asociadas en la infancia en el contexto escolar.
Prevention programs for social rejection in children are still scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral intervention program, based on development of socio-emotional competencies, designed to prevent child social rejection and associated diseases. We followed a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design. The sample consisted of 94 students between 8 and 12 years. Treatment consisted of a multicomponent cognitive-behavioral program, administered on a group basis, with one weekly session lasting 60 minutes each one, for a total of 6 sessions. The results supported the effectiveness of skill development program for children, showing positive treatment effects on measures of anxiety, depression, emotional intelligence and social status by sociogram. These data show the effectiveness and need of preventing the emergence of childhood social rejection and associated diseases in school setting.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Social Isolation , Psychotherapy, Brief , Rejection, Psychology , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Mental Disorders/prevention & control , Emotional IntelligenceABSTRACT
Diet of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) in two mangrove areas of Cuba. Stomach contents of 88 zooids of Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman 1880 and the qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton in the water column were studied in Santa Fe (North Coast of Havana) and Punta del Este (SW of Cuba). We identified 59 microalgal species and four tintinnids in the stomachs. Cell size was 75-165 µm in length and 2-105 µm in width. There were not significant differences in microalgal diversity in the water column in the two locations. In both locations, the diatoms had the largest number of species and individuals in stomachs and water. In Santa Fe, dinoflagellate biomass was larger in water and stomach contents, while in Punta del Este the contribution of each group to the stomach content was similar to that of the water column. This species filters in a constant and irregular way during the day, independently of food availability. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 499-507. Epub 2007 June, 29.
Se estudiaron los contenidos estomacales de 88 zooides de Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman 1880 y la composición cualitativa y cuantitativa del fitoplancton en la columna de agua en Santa Fe (Litoral Norte de la Habana) y Punta del Este (SW de Cuba). En el contenido estomacal de la ascidia se identificaron 59 especies de microalgas y cuatro tintínidos. El tamaño de las células varió entre 75 y 165 µm de largo y de 2 a 105 µm de ancho. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la diversidad de especies de microalgas en la columna de agua de las dos localidades. Las diatomeas tuvieron la mayor cantidad de especies y el mayor número de individuos, tanto en los estómagos como en la columna de agua en ambas localidades. La biomasa de dinoflagelados en Santa Fe fue mayor en agua y estómagos. En Punta del Este el aporte de cada grupo al contenido estomacal es similar al encontrado en la columna de agua. Esta especie filtra de forma constante e irregular durante las 24 horas del día, independientemente de la disponibilidad de alimento.
Subject(s)
Animals , Food Preferences/physiology , Gastrointestinal Contents , Urochordata/physiology , Cuba , Rhizophoraceae , Urochordata/classificationABSTRACT
Permanently submerged mangrove roots (Rhizophora mangle) are the main habitat of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata in Cuba. It was occasionally found on black coral (Antiphates caribeana) between 22 and 38 meters deep. This species exhibits a wide distribution in all the mangrove keys surrounding the Island of Cuba but does not occur in riparian or fringing mangroves. Populations of this species are abundant in Cuba: in 75% of the 58 localities sampled the species was present and in 57% more than 50% of the roots held at least one colony. The highest colony densities were found in the northern coast of Pinar del Rio province with values near one colony per lineal meter of mangrove root. We found the highest density (1.46 col/m) and greatest biomass at Jutías Key, with values between 25 and 660 g/m. The average of wet biomass in the studied mangroves was 73.63 g/m.